1970 lines
345 KiB
HTML
1970 lines
345 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Machine - Wikipedia</title>
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<li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw-interface href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Machine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a>
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<div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div>
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<li id="toc-Etymology"
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>
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<span>Etymology</span>
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>
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<span>History</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>
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<span>Simple machines</span>
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>
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<span>Mechanical systems</span>
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>
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<span>Power sources</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>
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<span>Mechanisms</span>
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|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span>
|
||
<span>Gears and gear trains</span>
|
||
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|
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<ul id="toc-Gears_and_gear_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cam_and_follower_mechanisms">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span>
|
||
<span>Cam and follower mechanisms</span>
|
||
</div>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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<ul id="toc-Cam_and_follower_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li id="toc-Linkages"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linkages">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span>
|
||
<span>Linkages</span>
|
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</div>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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<ul id="toc-Linkages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</ul>
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<li id="toc-Planar_mechanism"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planar_mechanism">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span>
|
||
<span>Planar mechanism</span>
|
||
</div>
|
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</a>
|
||
|
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<ul id="toc-Planar_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</ul>
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<li id="toc-Spherical_mechanism"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spherical_mechanism">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span>
|
||
<span>Spherical mechanism</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
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<ul id="toc-Spherical_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_mechanism">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span>
|
||
<span>Spatial mechanism</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
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<ul id="toc-Spatial_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexure_mechanisms">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span>
|
||
<span>Flexure mechanisms</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
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<ul id="toc-Flexure_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
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</ul>
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</ul>
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-Machine_elements"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">
|
||
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_elements">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>
|
||
<span>Machine elements</span>
|
||
</div>
|
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<span>Toggle Machine elements subsection</span>
|
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<ul id="toc-Machine_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
||
<li id="toc-Structural_components"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_components">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>
|
||
<span>Structural components</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<ul id="toc-Structural_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
||
</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
||
<li id="toc-Controllers"
|
||
class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">
|
||
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controllers">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>
|
||
<span>Controllers</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
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<ul id="toc-Controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
||
</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-Computing_machines"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">
|
||
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing_machines">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>
|
||
<span>Computing machines</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<ul id="toc-Computing_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-Molecular_machines"
|
||
class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">
|
||
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_machines">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>
|
||
<span>Molecular machines</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<ul id="toc-Molecular_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
||
</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-Impact"
|
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|
||
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>
|
||
<span>Impact</span>
|
||
</div>
|
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</a>
|
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|
||
<button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle">
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<span>Toggle Impact subsection</span>
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<li id="toc-Mechanization_and_automation"
|
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|
||
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanization_and_automation">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span>
|
||
<span>Mechanization and automation</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
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<ul id="toc-Mechanization_and_automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-Automata"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
|
||
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automata">
|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span>
|
||
<span>Automata</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<ul id="toc-Automata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<li id="toc-Mechanics"
|
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|
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|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>
|
||
<span>Mechanics</span>
|
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</div>
|
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</a>
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<span>Toggle Mechanics subsection</span>
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<li id="toc-Dynamics_of_machines"
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|
||
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span>
|
||
<span>Dynamics of machines</span>
|
||
</div>
|
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|
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|
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<ul id="toc-Dynamics_of_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span>
|
||
<span>Kinematics of machines</span>
|
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</div>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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<ul id="toc-Kinematics_of_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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|
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|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>
|
||
<span>Machine design</span>
|
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</div>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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<ul id="toc-Machine_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-See_also"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span>
|
||
<span>See also</span>
|
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</div>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span>
|
||
<span>References</span>
|
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</div>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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|
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|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
<span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span>
|
||
<span>Further reading</span>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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<ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span>
|
||
<span>External links</span>
|
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|
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|
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<ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Machine</span></h1>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjien" title="Masjien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Masjien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschine" title="Maschine – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maschine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95" title="ማሽን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማሽን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9" title="آلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maquina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahin%C3%A2" title="Mahinâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mahinâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="যন্ত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquinaria" title="Maquinaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maquinaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%27ekavo%C3%B1a" title="Ku'ekavoña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ku'ekavoña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n" title="Maşın – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maşın" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماشین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماشین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="যন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-h%C3%A2i" title="Ki-hâi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ki-hâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Машына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Машына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschiin" title="Maschiin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Maschiin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="འཕྲུལ་འཁོར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཕྲུལ་འཁོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1ina" title="Mašina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mašina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik" title="Mekanik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mekanik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina" title="Màquina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9Ca%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мaшина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мaшина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroj" title="Stroj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchina" title="Muchina – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muchina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiriant" title="Peiriant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peiriant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskine" title="Maskine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschine" title="Maschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masin" title="Masin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Masin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Μηχανή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Теважа – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Теважа" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_(tecnolog%C3%ADa)" title="Máquina (tecnología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máquina (tecnología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9Dino" title="Maŝino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maŝino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Máquina" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masine" title="Masine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Masine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meais%C3%ADn" title="Meaisín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meaisín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeshaght" title="Jeshaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jeshaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneal" title="Inneal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Inneal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máquina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macini" title="Macini – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Macini" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="기계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Մեքենա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="यंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strojevi" title="Strojevi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Strojevi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashino" title="Mashino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mashino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina" title="Machina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Machina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INguxa" title="INguxa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INguxa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9l" title="Vél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina" title="Macchina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macchina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מכונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಯಂತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მანქანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანქანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%90%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="مِشیٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مِشیٖن" data-language-autonym="کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynn" title="Jynn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jynn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashine" title="Mashine – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mashine" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machin" title="Machin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Machin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%AEne" title="Makîne – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Makîne" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ເຄື່ອງກົນຈັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຄື່ອງກົນຈັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina" title="Machina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Mašīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanin%C4%97_sistema" title="Mechaninė sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mechaninė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%ADni" title="Masíni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Masíni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqina" title="Maqina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maqina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9p" title="Gép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="യന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="यंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მანქანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანქანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دسگاه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دسگاه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masin" title="Masin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Masin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Машин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Машин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စက်ကိရိယာများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်ကိရိယာများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="कल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="ज्यासा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ज्यासा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="機械" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskiin" title="Maskiin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maskiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskin" title="Maskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskin" title="Maskin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%C3%A8ne" title="Machène – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Machène" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maquina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ଯନ୍ତ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯନ୍ତ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maashinii" title="Maashinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maashinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashina" title="Mashina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mashina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਸ਼ੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਸ਼ੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مشین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماشین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماشین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angign" title="Angign – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Angign" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschien" title="Maschien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Maschien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszyna" title="Maszyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maszyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashina" title="Mashina – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mashina" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83" title="Mașină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mașină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallwa" title="Qallwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB)" title="Массыына (тэрил) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Массыына (тэрил)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_m%C3%A9canique" title="Machine mécanique – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Machine mécanique" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0china" title="Màchina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Màchina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroj" title="Stroj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroj" title="Stroj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiinad" title="Makiinad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Makiinad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="مەکینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەکینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1ina" title="Mašina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mašina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kone" title="Kone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskin" title="Maskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allal" title="Allal – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Allal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%82%81%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ႁၢင်ႈၸၢၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ႁၢင်ႈၸၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="యంత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="เครื่องจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мошин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мошин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makine" title="Makine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Makine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9Fyn" title="Maşyn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Maşyn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%81" title="آلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_m%C3%B3c" title="Máy móc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy móc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machene" title="Machene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Machene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makin%C3%A1" title="Makiná – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makiná" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuutuloxo" title="Wuutuloxo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wuutuloxo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8" title="机器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="机器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מאשין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאשין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="機械" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8" title="机器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="机器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwukwut_ikwaan%CC%84" title="Okwukwut ikwaan̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwukwut ikwaan̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li>
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<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11019#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div>
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<div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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</div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Powered mechanical device</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1320445320">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about devices designed to perform tasks. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Machine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Machine (disambiguation)">Machine (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Machinery" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Machinery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Machinery (disambiguation)">Machinery (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_operator_operating_milling_machine_-_DPLA_-_34dc4b36bfa1d73f44c4d6983b12f77c_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Woman_operator_operating_milling_machine_-_DPLA_-_34dc4b36bfa1d73f44c4d6983b12f77c_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Woman_operator_operating_milling_machine_-_DPLA_-_34dc4b36bfa1d73f44c4d6983b12f77c_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Woman_operator_operating_milling_machine_-_DPLA_-_34dc4b36bfa1d73f44c4d6983b12f77c_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Woman_operator_operating_milling_machine_-_DPLA_-_34dc4b36bfa1d73f44c4d6983b12f77c_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Woman_operator_operating_milling_machine_-_DPLA_-_34dc4b36bfa1d73f44c4d6983b12f77c_%28cropped%29.jpg/699px-Woman_operator_operating_milling_machine_-_DPLA_-_34dc4b36bfa1d73f44c4d6983b12f77c_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>A worker operating a <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machine</a> in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure>
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<p>A <b>machine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_system" title="Thermodynamic system">thermodynamic system</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> to apply <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">forces</a> and control <a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">movement</a> to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engines</a> or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_machine" title="Molecular machine">molecular machines</a>. Machines can be driven by <a href="/wiki/Animal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal power">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">people</a>, by natural forces such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Water power">water</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electrical</a> power, and include a system of <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanisms</a> that shape the <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a> input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a> and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems.
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||
</p><p>Renaissance natural philosophers identified six <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">simple machines</a> which were the elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of output force to input force, known today as <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Usher_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements, <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanisms</a> and control components and include interfaces for convenient use. Examples include: a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">appliances</a> in the home and office, including computers, building <a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">air handling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">water handling systems</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">farm machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">factory automation</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>
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<p>The English word <i>machine</i> comes through <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">machina</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-AHD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μαχανά</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">makhana</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μηχανή</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mekhane</i></span> 'contrivance, machine, engine',<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a derivation from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῆχος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mekhos</i></span> 'means, expedient, remedy'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>mechanical</i> (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μηχανικός</span></span>) comes from the same Greek roots. A wider meaning of 'fabric, structure' is found in classical Latin, but not in Greek usage. This meaning is found in late medieval French, and is adopted from the French into English in the mid-16th century.
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</p><p>In the 17th century, the word machine could also mean a scheme or plot, a meaning now expressed by the derived <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machination" class="extiw" title="wikt:machination">machination</a>. The modern meaning develops out of specialized application of the term to <a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">stage engines</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan theater">theater</a> and to military <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>, both in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> traces the formal, modern meaning to <a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(writer)" title="John Harris (writer)">John Harris</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Technicum" title="Lexicon Technicum">Lexicon Technicum</a></i> (1704), which has:
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</p>
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<dl><dd><i>Machine, or Engine, in Mechanicks, is whatsoever hath Force sufficient either to raise or stop the Motion of a Body. Simple Machines are commonly reckoned to be Six in Number, viz. the Ballance, Leaver, Pulley, Wheel, Wedge, and Screw. Compound Machines, or Engines, are innumerable.</i></dd></dl>
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||
<p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engine" class="extiw" title="wikt:engine">engine</a></i> used as a (near-) synonym both by Harris and in later language derives ultimately (via <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>) from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ingenium</i></span> 'ingenuity, an invention'.
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
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||
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flint_hand_axe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flint_hand_axe.JPG/250px-Flint_hand_axe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flint_hand_axe.JPG/330px-Flint_hand_axe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>A flint <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">hand axe</a> was found in <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>.</figcaption></figure>
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||
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">hand axe</a>, made by chipping flint to form a <a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">wedge</a>, in the hands of a human transforms force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting forces and movement of the workpiece. The hand axe is the first example of a <a href="/wiki/Wedge" title="Wedge">wedge</a>, the oldest of the six classic <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">simple machines</a>, from which most machines are based. The second oldest simple machine was the <a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">inclined plane</a> (ramp),<sup id="cite_ref-Reuleaux_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuleaux-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been used since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times to move heavy objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Conn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The other four simple machines were invented in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">wheel and axle</a> mechanism, was invented in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, where it was used in a simple <a href="/wiki/Balance_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance scale">balance scale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paipetis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paipetis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to move large objects in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">ancient Egyptian technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lever was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">shadoof</a> water-lifting device, the first <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">crane</a> machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paipetis_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paipetis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">ancient Egyptian technology</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a> date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbrauns-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a> (1991–1802 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Screw_(simple_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw (simple machine)">screw</a>, the last of the simple machines to be invented,<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> period (911–609) BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbrauns-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a> were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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||
</p><p>Three of the simple machines were studied and described by Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> around the 3rd century BC: the lever, pulley and screw.<sup id="cite_ref-Asimov1988_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asimov1988-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chiu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archimedes discovered the principle of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a> in the lever.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Usher_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10</span>–75 AD) in his work <i>Mechanics</i> lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">windlass</a>, pulley, wedge, and screw,<sup id="cite_ref-Chiu_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes their fabrication and uses.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Greeks' understanding was limited to <a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">statics</a> (the balance of forces) and did not include <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">dynamics</a> (the tradeoff between force and distance) or the concept of <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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</p>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png/250px-Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png/500px-Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png 1.5x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>This ore crushing machine is powered by a water wheel.</figcaption></figure>
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||
<p>The earliest practical <a href="/wiki/Wind-power" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind-power">wind-powered</a> machines, the <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind pump">wind pump</a>, first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest practical <a href="/wiki/Steam-power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-power">steam-powered</a> machine was a <a href="/wiki/Steam_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam jack">steam jack</a> driven by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>, described in 1551 by <a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> was invented in India by the 6th century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> was invented in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> by the early 11th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Pacey_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacey-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which were fundamental to the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton industry">cotton industry</a>. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Program_(machine)" title="Program (machine)">programmable machines</a> were developed in the Muslim world. A <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">music sequencer</a>, a programmable <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a>, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> player invented by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Musa">Banu Musa</a> brothers, described in their <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices" title="Book of Ingenious Devices">Book of Ingenious Devices</a></i>, in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Koetsier_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koetsier-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable <a href="/wiki/Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Automata">automata</a>/<a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>. He described four <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automaton</a> musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharkey_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharkey-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the dynamics of the <i>Mechanical Powers</i>, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a>. In 1586 Flemish engineer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a> derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. The complete dynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by Italian scientist <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> in 1600 in <i>Le Meccaniche</i> ("On Mechanics").<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first to understand that simple machines do not create <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, they merely transform it.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The classic rules of sliding <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> in machines were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (1452–1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Amontons" title="Guillaume Amontons">Guillaume Amontons</a> (1699) and were further developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (1785).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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||
</p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> patented his <a href="/wiki/Parallel_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion">parallel motion</a> linkage in 1782, which made the double acting steam engine practical.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton and Watt</a> steam engine and later designs powered <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">steam ships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steam_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power">factories</a>.
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||
</p>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonsack_machine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bonsack's machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bonsack_machine.png/250px-Bonsack_machine.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bonsack_machine.png/500px-Bonsack_machine.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>James Albert Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine was invented in 1880 and patented in 1881.</figcaption></figure>
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<p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, then subsequently spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and eventually the rest of the world.
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</p><p>Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>'s previously manual labour and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of <a href="/wiki/Iron-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-making">iron-making</a> techniques and the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">refined coal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History:_Patterns_of_Interaction_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History:_Patterns_of_Interaction-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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||
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simple_machines">Simple machines</h2></div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Simple machine</a></div>
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||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_of_Mechanicks,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png/250px-Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png/500px-Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="2621" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Chambers%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers' Cyclopædia">Chambers' Cyclopædia</a></i> (1728) has a table of simple mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanicks_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanicks-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple machines provide a "vocabulary" for understanding more complex machines.</figcaption></figure>
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<p>The idea that a machine can be decomposed into simple movable elements led <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> to define the <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screw</a> as <a href="/wiki/Simple_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple machines">simple machines</a>. By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">wheel and axle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">wedge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">inclined plane</a>. The modern approach to characterizing machines focusses on the components that allow movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Joint_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint (mechanics)">joints</a>.
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</p><p>Wedge (hand axe): Perhaps the first example of a device designed to manage power is the <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">hand axe</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Biface" class="mw-redirect" title="Biface">biface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olorgesailie" title="Olorgesailie">Olorgesailie</a>. A hand axe is made by chipping stone, generally flint, to form a bifacial edge, or <a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">wedge</a>. A wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece. The available power is limited by the effort of the person using the tool, but because power is the product of force and movement, the wedge amplifies the force by reducing the movement. This amplification, or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a> is the ratio of the input speed to output speed. For a wedge this is given by 1/tanα, where α is the tip angle. The faces of a wedge are modeled as straight lines to form a sliding or <a href="/wiki/Prismatic_joint" title="Prismatic joint">prismatic joint</a>.
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</p><p>Lever: The <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> is another important and simple device for managing power. This is a body that pivots on a fulcrum. Because the velocity of a point farther from the pivot is greater than the velocity of a point near the pivot, forces applied far from the pivot are amplified near the pivot by the associated decrease in speed. If <i>a</i> is the distance from the pivot to the point where the input force is applied and <i>b</i> is the distance to the point where the output force is applied, then <i>a/b</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a> of the lever. The fulcrum of a lever is modeled as a hinged or <a href="/wiki/Revolute_joint" title="Revolute joint">revolute joint</a>.
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</p><p>Wheel: The <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a> is an important early machine, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>. A wheel uses the law of the lever to reduce the force needed to overcome <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> when pulling a load. To see this notice that the friction associated with pulling a load on the ground is approximately the same as the friction in a simple bearing that supports the load on the axle of a wheel. However, the wheel forms a lever that magnifies the pulling force so that it overcomes the frictional resistance in the bearing.
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</p>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of a Four-bar linkage from Kinematics of Machinery, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg/250px-Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg/500px-Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Kinematics_of_Machinery" class="extiw" title="s:The Kinematics of Machinery"><i>The Kinematics of Machinery</i> (1876)</a> has an illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">four-bar linkage</a>.</figcaption></figure>
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<p>The classification of <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">simple machines</a> to provide a strategy for the design of new machines was developed by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Reuleaux" title="Franz Reuleaux">Franz Reuleaux</a>, who collected and studied over 800 elementary machines.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recognized that the classical <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">simple machines</a> can be separated into the lever, pulley and wheel and axle that are formed by a body rotating about a hinge, and the inclined plane, wedge and screw that are similarly a block sliding on a flat surface.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Simple machines are elementary examples of <a href="/wiki/Kinematic_chain" title="Kinematic chain">kinematic chains</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">linkages</a> that are used to model <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical systems">mechanical systems</a> ranging from the steam engine to robot manipulators. The bearings that form the fulcrum of a lever and that allow the wheel and axle and pulleys to rotate are examples of a <a href="/wiki/Kinematic_pair" title="Kinematic pair">kinematic pair</a> called a hinged joint. Similarly, the flat surface of an inclined plane and wedge are examples of the <a href="/wiki/Kinematic_pair" title="Kinematic pair">kinematic pair</a> called a sliding joint. The screw is usually identified as its own kinematic pair called a helical joint.
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</p><p>This realization shows that it is the joints, or the connections that provide movement, that are the primary elements of a machine. Starting with four types of joints, the rotary joint, sliding joint, cam joint and gear joint, and related connections such as cables and belts, it is possible to understand a machine as an assembly of solid parts that connect these joints called a <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uicker2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Two levers, or cranks, are combined into a planar <a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">four-bar linkage</a> by attaching a link that connects the output of one crank to the input of another. Additional links can be attached to form a <a href="/wiki/Six-bar_linkage" title="Six-bar linkage">six-bar linkage</a> or in series to form a robot.<sup id="cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uicker2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_systems">Mechanical systems</h2></div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boulton & Watt Steam Engine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png/330px-SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png/500px-SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png/960px-SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Boulton & Watt Steam Engine, 1784</figcaption></figure>
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<p>A <b>mechanical system</b> manages <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> to accomplish a task that involves forces and movement. Modern machines are systems consisting of (i) a power source and <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> that generate forces and movement, (ii) a <a href="/wiki/Machine_(mechanical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine (mechanical)">system of mechanisms</a> that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement, (iii) a controller with sensors that compare the output to a performance goal and then directs the actuator input, and (iv) an interface to an operator consisting of levers, switches, and displays. This can be seen in Watt's steam engine in which the power is provided by steam expanding to drive the piston. The walking beam, coupler and crank transform the linear movement of the piston into rotation of the output pulley. Finally, the pulley rotation drives the flyball governor which controls the valve for the steam input to the piston cylinder.
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</p><p>The adjective "mechanical" refers to skill in the practical application of an art or science, as well as relating to or caused by movement, physical forces, properties or agents such as is dealt with by <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly Merriam-Webster Dictionary<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-mechanical_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-mechanical-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines "mechanical" as relating to machinery or tools.
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</p><p>Power flow through a machine provides a way to understand the performance of devices ranging from levers and gear trains to automobiles and robotic systems. The German mechanician <a href="/wiki/Franz_Reuleaux" title="Franz Reuleaux">Franz Reuleaux</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reuleaux1876_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuleaux1876-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote, "a machine is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to do work accompanied by certain determinate motion." Notice that forces and motion combine to define <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>.
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</p><p>More recently, Uicker et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uicker2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated that a machine is "a device for applying power or changing its direction."McCarthy and Soh<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy2010_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe a machine as a system that "generally consists of a power source and a <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanism</a> for the controlled use of this power."
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_sources">Power sources</h2></div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1305433154">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Machine" title="Special:EditPage/Machine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Machine%22">"Machine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Machine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Machine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Machine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Machine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Machine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg/250px-Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg/500px-Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Diesel engine, friction clutch and gear transmission of an automobile</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generator-20071117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Generator-20071117.jpg/250px-Generator-20071117.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Generator-20071117.jpg/500px-Generator-20071117.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Ganz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganz">Ganz</a> Electric Generator in <a href="/wiki/Zwevegem" title="Zwevegem">Zwevegem</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>Human and animal effort were the original power sources for early machines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
|
||
</p><p><b>Waterwheel:</b> <a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">Waterwheels</a> appeared around the world around 300 BC to use flowing water to generate rotary motion, which was applied to <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">milling grain, and powering lumber, machining and textile operations</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">water turbines</a> use water flowing through a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> to drive an <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a>.
|
||
</p><p><b>Windmill:</b> Early <a href="/wiki/Wind_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind mill">windmills</a> captured wind power to generate rotary motion for milling operations. Modern <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> also drives a generator. This electricity in turn is used to drive <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motors</a> forming the actuators of mechanical systems.
|
||
</p><p><b>Engine:</b> The word engine derives from "ingenuity" and originally referred to contrivances that may or may not be physical devices.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> uses heat to boil water contained in a pressure vessel; the expanding steam drives a piston or a turbine. This principle can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">aeolipile</a> of Hero of Alexandria. This is called an <a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">external combustion engine</a>.
|
||
</p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> engine is called an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> because it burns fuel (an <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> chemical reaction) inside a cylinder and uses the expanding gases to drive a <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> uses a turbine to compress air which is burned with fuel so that it expands through a nozzle to provide thrust to an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, and so is also an "internal combustion engine."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p><b>Power plant:</b> The heat from coal and natural gas combustion in a <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> generates steam that drives a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> to rotate an <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> uses heat from a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> to generate steam and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a>. This power is distributed through a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">network of transmission lines</a> for industrial and individual use.
|
||
</p><p><b>Motors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a> use either <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> or <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> electric current to generate rotational movement. Electric <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servomotors</a> are the actuators for mechanical systems ranging from <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotic systems</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">modern aircraft</a>.
|
||
</p><p><b>Fluid Power:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">Hydraulic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_cylinder" title="Pneumatic cylinder">pneumatic</a> systems use electrically driven <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a> to drive water or air respectively into cylinders to power <a href="/wiki/Linear_actuator" title="Linear actuator">linear movement</a>.
|
||
</p><p><b>Electrochemical:</b> Chemicals and materials can also be sources of power.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may chemically deplete or need re-charging, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they may produce power without changing their state, which is the case for <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator" title="Thermoelectric generator">thermoelectric generators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these, however, still require their energy to come from elsewhere. With batteries, it is the already existing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical potential energy</a> inside.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In solar cells and thermoelectrics, the energy source is light and heat respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2></div>
|
||
<p>The <i>mechanism</i> of a mechanical system is assembled from components called <i><a href="/wiki/Machine_element" title="Machine element">machine elements</a></i>. These elements provide structure for the system and control its movement.
|
||
</p><p>The structural components are, generally, the frame members, bearings, splines, springs, seals, <a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">fasteners</a> and covers. The shape, texture and color of covers provide a <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">styling and operational interface</a> between the mechanical system and its users.
|
||
</p><p>The assemblies that control movement are also called "<a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanisms</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Reuleaux1876_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuleaux1876-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uicker2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanisms are generally classified as <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear trains</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Belt_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt drive">belt drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">chain drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cam_follower" title="Cam follower">follower</a> mechanisms, and <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">linkages</a>, though there are other special mechanisms such as clamping linkages, <a href="/wiki/Geneva_drive" title="Geneva drive">indexing mechanisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapements</a> and friction devices such as <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">brakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutches</a>.
|
||
</p><p>The number of degrees of freedom of a mechanism, or its mobility, depends on the number of links and joints and the types of joints used to construct the mechanism. The general mobility of a mechanism is the difference between the unconstrained freedom of the links and the number of constraints imposed by the joints. It is described by the <a href="/wiki/Chebychev%E2%80%93Gr%C3%BCbler%E2%80%93Kutzbach_criterion" title="Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion">Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gears_and_gear_trains">Gears and gear trains</h3></div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antikythera_Fragment_A_(Front).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Antikythera_Fragment_A_%28Front%29.webp/250px-Antikythera_Fragment_A_%28Front%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Antikythera_Fragment_A_%28Front%29.webp/500px-Antikythera_Fragment_A_%28Front%29.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a> (main fragment)</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a> of Greece and the <a href="/wiki/South-pointing_chariot" title="South-pointing chariot">south-pointing chariot</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Illustrations by the renaissance scientist <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Involute_gear" title="Involute gear">involute tooth</a> yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio. Some important features of gears and gear trains are:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul><li>The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the <a href="/wiki/Gear_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gear ratio">speed ratio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a> of the gear set.</li>
|
||
<li>A <a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">planetary gear train</a> provides high gear reduction in a compact package.</li>
|
||
<li>It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are <a href="/wiki/Non-circular_gear" title="Non-circular gear">non-circular</a>, yet still transmit torque smoothly.</li>
|
||
<li>The speed ratios of <a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">chain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">belt drives</a> are computed in the same way as gear ratios. See <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_gearing" title="Bicycle gearing">bicycle gearing</a>.</li></ul>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cam_and_follower_mechanisms">Cam and follower mechanisms</h3></div>
|
||
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cam_follower" title="Cam follower">follower</a> is formed by the direct contact of two specially shaped links. The driving link is called the cam (also see <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">cam shaft</a>) and the link that is driven through the direct contact of their surfaces is called the follower. The shape of the contacting surfaces of the <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cam_follower" title="Cam follower">follower</a> determines the movement of the mechanism.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linkages">Linkages</h3></div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_gear_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Landing_gear_schematic.svg/250px-Landing_gear_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Landing_gear_schematic.svg/500px-Landing_gear_schematic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the actuator and four-bar linkage that position an aircraft landing gear</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">linkage</a> is a collection of links connected by joints. Generally, the links are the structural elements and the joints allow movement. Perhaps the single most useful example is the planar <a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">four-bar linkage</a>. However, there are many more special linkages:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a> is a four-bar linkage that generates an approximate straight line. It was critical to the operation of his design for the steam engine. This linkage also appears in vehicle suspensions to prevent side-to-side movement of the body relative to the wheels. Also see the article <a href="/wiki/Parallel_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion">Parallel motion</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>The success of Watt's linkage lead to the design of similar approximate straight-line linkages, such as <a href="/wiki/Hoekens_linkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoekens linkage">Hoeken's linkage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chebyshev_linkage" title="Chebyshev linkage">Chebyshev's linkage</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Peaucellier-Lipkin_linkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage">Peaucellier linkage</a> generates a true straight-line output from a rotary input.</li>
|
||
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Sarrus_linkage" title="Sarrus linkage">Sarrus linkage</a> is a spatial linkage that generates straight-line movement from a rotary input.</li>
|
||
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Klann_linkage" title="Klann linkage">Klann linkage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theo_Jansen" title="Theo Jansen">Jansen linkage</a> are recent inventions that provide interesting walking movements. They are respectively a six-bar and an eight-bar linkage.</li></ul>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planar_mechanism">Planar mechanism</h3></div>
|
||
<p>A planar mechanism is a mechanical system that is constrained so the trajectories of points in all the bodies of the system lie on planes parallel to a ground plane. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system are perpendicular to this ground plane.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spherical_mechanism">Spherical mechanism</h3></div>
|
||
<p>A <b>spherical mechanism</b> is a mechanical system in which the bodies move in a way that the trajectories of points in the system lie on concentric spheres. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system pass through the center of these circle.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_mechanism">Spatial mechanism</h3></div>
|
||
<p>A <b>spatial mechanism</b> is a mechanical system that has at least one body that moves in a way that its point trajectories are general space curves. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system form lines in space that do not intersect and have distinct common normals.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexure_mechanisms">Flexure mechanisms</h3></div>
|
||
<p>A flexure mechanism consists of a series of rigid bodies connected by compliant elements (also known as flexure joints) that is designed to produce a geometrically well-defined motion upon application of a force.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_elements">Machine elements</h2></div>
|
||
<p>The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed <b><a href="/wiki/Machine_element" title="Machine element">machine elements</a></b>. These elements consist of three basic types (i) <i>structural components</i> such as frame members, bearings, axles, splines, <a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">fasteners</a>, seals, and lubricants, (ii) <i><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanisms</a></i> that control movement in various ways such as <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">belt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">chain drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">linkages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cam_follower" title="Cam follower">follower</a> systems, including <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">brakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutches</a>, and (iii) <i>control components</i> such as buttons, switches, indicators, sensors, actuators and computer controllers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While generally not considered to be a machine element, the shape, texture and color of covers are an important part of a machine that provide a <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">styling and operational interface</a> between the mechanical components of a machine and its users.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_components">Structural components</h3></div>
|
||
<p>A number of machine elements provide important structural functions such as the frame, bearings, splines, spring and seals.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul><li>The recognition that the frame of a mechanism is an important machine element changed the name <a href="/wiki/Three-bar_linkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-bar linkage">three-bar linkage</a> into <a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">four-bar linkage</a>. Frames are generally assembled from <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">truss</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beam</a> elements.</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">Bearings</a> are components designed to manage the interface between moving elements and are the source of <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> in machines. In general, bearings are designed for pure rotation or <a href="/wiki/Linear-motion_bearing" title="Linear-motion bearing">straight line movement</a>.</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spline_(mechanical)" title="Spline (mechanical)">Splines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Key_(engineering)" title="Key (engineering)">keys</a> are two ways to reliably mount an <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> to a wheel, pulley or gear so that torque can be transferred through the connection.</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Springs</a> provides forces that can either hold components of a machine in place or acts as a <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> to support part of a machine.</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">Seals</a> are used between mating parts of a machine to ensure fluids, such as water, hot gases, or lubricant do not leak between the mating surfaces.</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">Fasteners</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screws</a>, bolts, spring clips, and <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivets</a> are critical to the assembly of components of a machine. Fasteners are generally considered to be removable. In contrast, joining methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">crimping</a> and the application of <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, usually require cutting the parts to disassemble the components</li></ul>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controllers">Controllers</h2></div>
|
||
<p>Controllers combine <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">flyball governor</a> for a steam engine. Examples of these devices range from a <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a> that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such as the <a href="/wiki/Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">cruise control</a> system in an automobile. The <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controller</a> replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. <a href="/wiki/Servomotor" title="Servomotor">Servomotors</a> that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotic systems</a> possible.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing_machines">Computing machines</h2></div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arithmometre,_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas,_c._1820,_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic,_manufactured_1866-1870_AD,_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm,_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Arithmometr computing machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arithmometre%2C_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas%2C_c._1820%2C_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic%2C_manufactured_1866-1870_AD%2C_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm%2C_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arithmometre%2C_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas%2C_c._1820%2C_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic%2C_manufactured_1866-1870_AD%2C_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm%2C_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG/500px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5372" data-file-height="3205" /></a><figcaption>The arithmometre was designed by Charles Xavier Thomas, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820</span>, for the four rules of arithmetic. It was manufactured 1866–1870 AD and exhibited in the Tekniska museet, Stockholm, Sweden.</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> designed machines to tabulate logarithms and other functions in 1837. His <a href="/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">Difference engine</a> can be considered an advanced <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_calculator" title="Mechanical calculator">mechanical calculator</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a> a forerunner of the modern <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, though none of the larger designs were completed in Babbage's lifetime.
|
||
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arithmometer" title="Arithmometer">Arithmometer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comptometer" title="Comptometer">Comptometer</a> are mechanical computers that are precursors to <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">modern digital computers</a>. Models used to study modern computers are termed <a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">State machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_machines">Molecular machines</h2></div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Protein_translation.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Biological_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological machine">biological machine</a> that utilizes <a href="/wiki/Protein_dynamics" title="Protein dynamics">protein dynamics</a>.</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>The biological molecule <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> reacts to ATP and ADP to alternately engage with an actin filament and change its shape in a way that exerts a force, and then disengage to reset its shape, or conformation. This acts as the molecular drive that causes muscle contraction. Similarly the biological molecule <a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">kinesin</a> has two sections that alternately engage and disengage with microtubules causing the molecule to move along the microtubule and transport vesicles within the cell, and <a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">dynein</a>, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of <a href="/wiki/Cilia#Motile_cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">motile cilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">flagella</a>. "In effect, the motile cilium is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines. <a href="/wiki/Flexible_linker" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible linker">Flexible linkers</a> allow the <a href="/wiki/Protein_domain#Domains_and_protein_flexibility" title="Protein domain">mobile protein domains</a> connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range <a href="/wiki/Allostery" class="mw-redirect" title="Allostery">allostery</a> via <a href="/wiki/Protein_dynamics#Global_flexibility:_multiple_domains" title="Protein dynamics">protein domain dynamics</a>. "<sup id="cite_ref-Satir2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satir2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other biological machines are responsible for energy production, for example <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a> which harnesses energy from <a href="/wiki/Proton-motive_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton-motive force">proton gradients across membranes</a> to drive a turbine-like motion used to synthesise <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, the energy currency of a cell.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still other machines are responsible for <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>, including <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerases</a> for replicating <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerases</a> for producing <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">mRNA</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Spliceosome" title="Spliceosome">spliceosome</a> for removing <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a> for <a href="/wiki/Protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein synthesis">synthesising proteins</a>. These machines and their <a href="/wiki/Protein_dynamics" title="Protein dynamics">nanoscale dynamics</a> are far more complex than any <a href="/wiki/Molecular_machine" title="Molecular machine">molecular machines</a> that have yet been artificially constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21570668_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21570668-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These molecules are increasingly considered to be <a href="/wiki/Nanomachines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanomachines">nanomachines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
|
||
</p><p>Researchers have used DNA to construct nano-dimensioned <a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">four-bar linkages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanization_and_automation">Mechanization and automation</h3></div>
|
||
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">Mechanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agricola1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Agricola1.jpg/250px-Agricola1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Agricola1.jpg/500px-Agricola1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>This water-powered <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(device)#Mine_hoists" title="Hoist (device)">mine hoist</a> was used for raising ore. This woodblock is from <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a></i> by Georg Bauer (Latinized name <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1555</span>), an early mining textbook that contains numerous drawings and descriptions of mining equipment.</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>Mechanization (or mechanisation in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">BE</a>) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">sheaves</a> and belts, <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">shafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">cranks</a>, usually are considered machines. After electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Automation is the use of <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technologies</a> to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, automation is a step beyond <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a>. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a> and in daily experience.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automata">Automata</h3></div>
|
||
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a></div>
|
||
<p>An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a>, more specifically an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous robot</a>. A <i>Toy Automaton</i> was patented in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2></div>
|
||
<p>Usher<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports that <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria's</a> treatise on <i>Mechanics</i> focused on the study of lifting heavy weights. Today <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> refers to the mathematical analysis of the forces and movement of a mechanical system, and consists of the study of the <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">dynamics</a> of these systems.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamics_of_machines">Dynamics of machines</h3></div>
|
||
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Rigid-body_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigid-body dynamics">dynamic analysis</a> of machines begins with a rigid-body model to determine reactions at the bearings, at which point the elasticity effects are included. The <a href="/wiki/Rigid-body_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigid-body dynamics">rigid-body dynamics</a> studies the movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external forces. The assumption that the bodies are rigid, which means that they do not deform under the action of applied forces, simplifies the analysis by reducing the parameters that describe the configuration of the system to the translation and rotation of reference frames attached to each body.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>The dynamics of a rigid body system is defined by its <a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">equations of motion</a>, which are derived using either <a href="/wiki/Newtons_laws_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtons laws of motion">Newtons laws of motion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a>. The solution of these equations of motion defines how the configuration of the system of rigid bodies changes as a function of time. The formulation and solution of rigid body dynamics is an important tool in the computer simulation of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical systems">mechanical systems</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinematics_of_machines">Kinematics of machines</h3></div>
|
||
<p>The dynamic analysis of a machine requires the determination of the movement, or <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a>, of its component parts, known as kinematic analysis. The assumption that the system is an assembly of rigid components allows rotational and translational movement to be modeled mathematically as <a href="/wiki/Rigid_transformation" title="Rigid transformation">Euclidean, or rigid, transformations</a>. This allows the position, velocity and acceleration of all points in a component to be determined from these properties for a reference point, and the angular position, <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">angular velocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angular_acceleration" title="Angular acceleration">angular acceleration</a> of the component.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_design">Machine design</h2></div>
|
||
<p>Machine design refers to the procedures and techniques used to address the three phases of a <a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product lifecycle management">machine's lifecycle</a>:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ol><li>invention, which involves the identification of a need, development of requirements, concept generation, prototype development, manufacturing, and verification testing;</li>
|
||
<li>performance engineering involves enhancing manufacturing efficiency, reducing service and maintenance demands, adding features and improving effectiveness, and validation testing;</li>
|
||
<li>recycle is the decommissioning and disposal phase and includes recovery and reuse of materials and components.</li></ol>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
|
||
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_machines" title="Outline of machines">Outline of machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industrial_machinery" title="Outline of industrial machinery">Outline of industrial machinery</a></div>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">Gear train</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">Linkage (mechanical)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mechanical,_electrical_and_electronic_equipment_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue">List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanism (engineering)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">Mechanical advantage</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_automation" title="Outline of automation">Outline of automation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_machines" title="Outline of machines">Outline of machines</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">Power (physics)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple machines">Simple machines</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_work" title="Virtual work">Virtual work</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Work (physics)</a></li></ul>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1327269900">.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div>
|
||
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
|
||
<li id="cite_note-Usher-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Usher_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Usher_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1333433106">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUsher1988" class="citation book cs1">Usher, Abbott Payson (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA196"><i>A History of Mechanical Inventions</i></a>. USA: Courier Dover Publications. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25593-4"><bdi>978-0-486-25593-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818135506/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mechanical+Inventions&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25593-4&rft.aulast=Usher&rft.aufirst=Abbott+Payson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuDDqqa8FlwC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-AHD-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHD_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary</i>, Second College Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985.</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmhxanh%2F">"μηχανή"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140054/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mhxanh%2F">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus project</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dxos">"μῆχος"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140106/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mh=xos">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus project</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Dictionaries, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213204/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/machine">machine</a></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-Reuleaux-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuleaux_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl von Langsdorf (1826) <i>Machinenkunde</i>, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFReuleaux1876" class="citation book cs1">Reuleaux, Franz (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog"><i>The kinematics of machinery: Outlines of a theory of machines</i></a>. MacMillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog/page/n524">604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+kinematics+of+machinery%3A+Outlines+of+a+theory+of+machines&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Reuleaux&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkinematicsmachi01reulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-Conn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conn_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Therese McGuire, <i>Light on Sacred Stones</i>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFConnTherese_Benedict_McGuire2007" class="citation book cs1">Conn, Marie A.; Therese Benedict McGuire (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEPkDyvek3sC&pg=PA23"><i>Not etched in stone: essays on ritual memory, soul, and society</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3702-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3702-2"><bdi>978-0-7618-3702-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+etched+in+stone%3A+essays+on+ritual+memory%2C+soul%2C+and+society&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3702-2&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Marie+A.&rft.au=Therese+Benedict+McGuire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEPkDyvek3sC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dutch-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dutch_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFDutch1999" class="citation web cs1">Dutch, Steven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821064729/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/xancient.htm">"Pre-Greek Accomplishments"</a>. <i>Legacy of the Ancient World</i>. Prof. Steve Dutch's page, Univ. of Wisconsin at Green Bay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/xancient.htm">the original</a> on August 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legacy+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.atitle=Pre-Greek+Accomplishments&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dutch&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwgb.edu%2Fdutchs%2Fwesttech%2Fxancient.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Eisenbrauns" title="Eisenbrauns">Eisenbrauns</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060422" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060422"><bdi>9781575060422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781575060422&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFD.T._Potts2012" class="citation book cs1">D.T. Potts (2012). <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i>. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=285&rft.date=2012&rft.au=D.T.+Potts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Paipetis-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paipetis_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paipetis_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFPaipetisCeccarelli2010" class="citation book cs1">Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). <i>The Genius of Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048190911" title="Special:BookSources/9789048190911"><bdi>9789048190911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genius+of+Archimedes+--+23+Centuries+of+Influence+on+Mathematics%2C+Science+and+Engineering%3A+Proceedings+of+an+International+Conference+held+at+Syracuse%2C+Italy%2C+June+8-10%2C+2010&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789048190911&rft.aulast=Paipetis&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Ceccarelli%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkeEngelbach1990" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990). <i>Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Courier_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Corporation">Courier Corporation</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486264851" title="Special:BookSources/9780486264851"><bdi>9780486264851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Construction+and+Architecture&rft.pages=86-90&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780486264851&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Somers&rft.au=Engelbach%2C+Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFFaiella2006" class="citation book cs1">Faiella, Graham (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGMyBTS0-v0C&pg=PA27"><i>The Technology of Mesopotamia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rosen Publishing Group">The Rosen Publishing Group</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404205604" title="Special:BookSources/9781404205604"><bdi>9781404205604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technology+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781404205604&rft.aulast=Faiella&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGMyBTS0-v0C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Eisenbrauns-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Eisenbrauns" title="Eisenbrauns">Eisenbrauns</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060422" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060422"><bdi>9781575060422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781575060422&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold1991" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Dieter (1991). <i>Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195113747" title="Special:BookSources/9780195113747"><bdi>9780195113747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+in+Egypt%3A+Pharaonic+Stone+Masonry&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780195113747&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Woods-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodsMary_B._Woods2000" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA58"><i>Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels</i></a>. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-2994-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-2994-7"><bdi>0-8225-2994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Machines%3A+From+Wedges+to+Waterwheels&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8225-2994-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mary+B.+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1tzW_aDnxsC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2000" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35"><i>Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti</i></a>. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35">35, 36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-2996-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-2996-3"><bdi>0-8225-2996-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Machines%3A+From+Grunts+to+Graffiti&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pages=35%2C+36&rft.pub=Runestone+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8225-2996-3&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientcommunica00wood%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Asimov1988-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asimov1988_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1988" class="citation cs2">Asimov, Isaac (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSKvaLV6zkcC&pg=PA88"><i>Understanding Physics</i></a>, New York, New York, USA: Barnes & Noble, p. 88, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-251-1"><bdi>978-0-88029-251-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818203229/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSKvaLV6zkcC&pg=PA88">archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Physics&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-251-1&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSKvaLV6zkcC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Chiu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chiu_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chiu_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFChiu2010" class="citation cs2">Chiu, Y. C. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osNrPO3ivZoC&pg=PA42"><i>An introduction to the History of Project Management</i></a>, Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers, p. 42, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-437-2"><bdi>978-90-5972-437-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818202910/https://books.google.com/books?id=osNrPO3ivZoC&pg=PA42">archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+History+of+Project+Management&rft.place=Delft&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Eburon+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-5972-437-2&rft.aulast=Chiu&rft.aufirst=Y.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosNrPO3ivZoC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFOstdiekBord,_Donald2005" class="citation book cs1">Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kz2pd14hPUC&pg=PA123"><i>Inquiry into Physics</i></a>. Thompson Brooks/Cole. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-49168-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-49168-0"><bdi>978-0-534-49168-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528052651/http://books.google.com/books?id=7kz2pd14hPUC&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiry+into+Physics&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Thompson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-534-49168-0&rft.aulast=Ostdiek&rft.aufirst=Vern&rft.au=Bord%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kz2pd14hPUC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFStrizhakIgor_PenkovToivo_Pappel2004" class="citation conference cs1">Strizhak, Viktor; Igor Penkov; Toivo Pappel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqZvlMnjqY0C&q=%22archimedean+simple+machine%22">"Evolution of design, use, and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints"</a>. <i>HMM2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms</i>. Kluwer Academic publishers. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-2203-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-2203-4"><bdi>1-4020-2203-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607095045/http://books.google.com/books?id=FqZvlMnjqY0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22archimedean+simple+machine%22&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+design%2C+use%2C+and+strength+calculations+of+screw+threads+and+threaded+joints&rft.btitle=HMM2004+International+Symposium+on+History+of+Machines+and+Mechanisms&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4020-2203-4&rft.aulast=Strizhak&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft.au=Igor+Penkov&rft.au=Toivo+Pappel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqZvlMnjqY0C%26q%3D%2522archimedean%2Bsimple%2Bmachine%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Routledge_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Routledge Hill">Donald Routledge Hill</a> (1986). <i>Islamic Technology: An illustrated history</i>, p. 54. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42239-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42239-6"><bdi>0-521-42239-6</bdi></a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation cs2">Lucas, Adam (2006), <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>, Brill Publishers, p. 65, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0"><bdi>90-04-14649-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind%2C+Water%2C+Work%3A+Ancient+and+Medieval+Milling+Technology&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14649-0&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFEldridge1980" class="citation book cs1">Eldridge, Frank (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windmachines00fran/page/15"><i>Wind Machines</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windmachines00fran/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-26134-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-26134-9"><bdi>0-442-26134-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+Machines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Litton+Educational+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-442-26134-9&rft.aulast=Eldridge&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindmachines00fran%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2011" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, William (2011). <i>Electricity Generation Using Wind Power</i> (1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4304-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4304-13-9"><bdi>978-981-4304-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity+Generation+Using+Wind+Power&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.+Pte.+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4304-13-9&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%201.htm">Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171045/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%201.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, web page, accessed on line 23 October 2009; this web page refers to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Ahmad Y Hassan</a> (1976), <i>Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering</i>, pp. 34–5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y. Hassan">Ahmad Y. Hassan</a> (1976), <i>Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering</i>, p. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="Lakwete" class="citation book cs1">Lakwete, Angela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC"><i>Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America</i></a>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801873942" title="Special:BookSources/9780801873942"><bdi>9780801873942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Cotton+Gin%3A+Machine+and+Myth+in+Antebellum+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780801873942&rft.au=Lakwete%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOMaGVnPfBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pacey-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pacey_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFPacey1991" class="citation book cs1">Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. <i>Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History</i> (First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+in+World+Civilization%3A+A+Thousand-Year+History&rft.place=Cambridge+MA&rft.pages=23-24&rft.edition=First+MIT+Press+paperback&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Pacey&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFŽmolek2013" class="citation book cs1">Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RKaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328"><i>Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England</i></a>. BRILL. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004251793" title="Special:BookSources/9789004251793"><bdi>9789004251793</bdi></a>. <q>The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Industrial+Revolution%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Transition+from+Agrarian+to+Industrial+Capitalism+in+England&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004251793&rft.aulast=%C5%BDmolek&rft.aufirst=Michael+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RKaAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Koetsier-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koetsier_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFKoetsier2001" class="citation cs2">Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", <i>Mechanism and Machine Theory</i>, <b>36</b> (5), Elsevier: <span class="nowrap">589–</span>603, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2">10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanism+and+Machine+Theory&rft.atitle=On+the+prehistory+of+programmable+machines%3A+musical+automata%2C+looms%2C+calculators&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=589-603&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2&rft.aulast=Koetsier&rft.aufirst=Teun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFKapurCarnegieMurphyLong2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355771817000103">"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Organised_Sound" title="Organised Sound">Organised Sound</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">195–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355771817000103">10.1017/S1355771817000103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-7718">1355-7718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organised+Sound&rft.atitle=Loudspeakers+Optional%3A+A+history+of+non-loudspeaker-based+electroacoustic+music&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-205&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1355771817000103&rft.issn=1355-7718&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Ajay&rft.au=Carnegie%2C+Dale&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Jim&rft.au=Long%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1355771817000103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sharkey-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharkey_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professor Noel Sharkey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html">A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Krebs-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2004" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&q=%22mechanics+Galileo+analyzed%22&pg=PA163"><i>Groundbreaking Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32433-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32433-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32433-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528045000/http://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&pg=PA163&dq=%22mechanics+Galileo+analyzed%22#v=onepage&q=%22mechanics%20Galileo%20analyzed%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32433-8&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTXdplfiz-cC%26q%3D%2522mechanics%2BGalileo%2Banalyzed%2522%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stephen-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFStephenLowell_Cardwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, Donald; Lowell Cardwell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSfpFLV1nkAC&q=%22simple+machine%22+galileo&pg=PA86"><i>Wheels, clocks, and rockets: a history of technology</i></a>. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32175-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32175-3"><bdi>978-0-393-32175-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818204648/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSfpFLV1nkAC&pg=PA86&dq=%22simple+machine%22+galileo#v=onepage&q=%22simple%20machine%22%20galileo&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheels%2C+clocks%2C+and+rockets%3A+a+history+of+technology&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32175-3&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Lowell+Cardwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSfpFLV1nkAC%26q%3D%2522simple%2Bmachine%2522%2Bgalileo%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong-Hélouvry1991" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong-Hélouvry, Brian (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zk_zI3xACgC&pg=PA10"><i>Control of machines with friction</i></a>. USA: Springer. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-9133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-9133-3"><bdi>978-0-7923-9133-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818141554/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zk_zI3xACgC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+of+machines+with+friction&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-9133-3&rft.aulast=Armstrong-H%C3%A9louvry&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zk_zI3xACgC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennock, G. R., James Watt (1736-1819), <i>Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science,</i> ed. M. Ceccarelli, Springer, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6365-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-6365-7</bdi></a> (Print) 978-1-4020-6366-4 (Online).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-World_History:_Patterns_of_Interaction-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_History:_Patterns_of_Interaction_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFBeck_B.1999" class="citation book cs1">Beck B., Roger (1999). <i>World History: Patterns of Interaction</i>. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Patterns+of+Interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beck+B.&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mechanicks-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mechanicks_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation cs2">Chambers, Ephraim (1728), "Table of Mechanicks", <i>Cyclopaedia, A Useful Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</i>, vol. 2, London, England, p. 528, Plate 11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyclopaedia%2C+A+Useful+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Table+of+Mechanicks&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=528%2C+Plate+11&rft.date=1728&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Moon" title="Francis C. Moon">Moon, F. C.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/facets/moon61899.htm">The Reuleaux Collection of Kinematic Mechanisms at Cornell University, 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518064706/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/facets/moon61899.htm">Archived</a> 2015-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartenberg, R.S. & J. Denavit (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/bib.php?m=23">Kinematic synthesis of linkages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519063139/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/bib.php?m=23">Archived</a> 2011-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York: McGraw-Hill, online link from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Uicker2003-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uicker2003_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003, <i>Theory of Machines and Mechanisms</i>, Oxford University Press, New York.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-OED-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-mechanical" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=mechanical">"mechanical"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mechanical&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmechanical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Merriam-mechanical-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-mechanical_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mechanical">Definition of mechanical</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020103442/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mechanical">Archived</a> 2011-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Reuleaux1876-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuleaux1876_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuleaux1876_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuleaux, F., 1876 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog"><i>The Kinematics of Machinery</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602121819/http://books.google.com/books?id=WUZVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=kinematics+of+machinery&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qpn4Tse-E9SasgLcsZytDw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAQ">Archived</a> 2013-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy), reprinted by Dover, New York (1963)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-McCarthy2010-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy2010_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. McCarthy and G. S. Soh, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jv9mQyjRIw4C&pg=PA231"><i>Geometric Design of Linkages,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819020038/https://books.google.com/books?id=jv9mQyjRIw4C&pg=PA231">Archived</a> 2016-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Springer, New York.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/engine">Merriam-Webster's definition of engine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Internal combustion engine", <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>, Third Edition, Sybil P. Parker, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 998 .</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFBrettBrett1993" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Christopher M. A; Brett, Ana Maria Oliveira (1993). <i>Electrochemistry: principles, methods, and applications</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855389-2"><bdi>978-0-19-855389-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26398887">26398887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrochemistry%3A+principles%2C+methods%2C+and+applications&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26398887&rft.isbn=978-0-19-855389-2&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.+A&rft.au=Brett%2C+Ana+Maria+Oliveira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFCrompton2000" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, T. R. (2000-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QmVR7qiB5AUC&q=battery+one+or+more+cells&pg=PA11"><i>Battery Reference Book</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-049995-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-049995-6"><bdi>978-0-08-049995-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battery+Reference+Book&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2000-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-08-049995-6&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmVR7qiB5AUC%26q%3Dbattery%2Bone%2Bor%2Bmore%2Bcells%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarbotics.net/starting/200202_solar_cells/200202_solar_cell_use.html">"Solar Cells -- Performance And Use"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar+Cells+--+Performance+And+Use&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarbotics.net%2Fstarting%2F200202_solar_cells%2F200202_solar_cell_use.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFFernández-YáñezRomeroArmasCerretti2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Yáñez, P.; Romero, V.; Armas, O.; Cerretti, G. (2021-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2021.117291">"Thermal management of thermoelectric generators for waste energy recovery"</a>. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. <b>196</b> 117291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AppTE.19617291F">2021AppTE.19617291F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2021.117291">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117291</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-4311">1359-4311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Thermal+Engineering&rft.atitle=Thermal+management+of+thermoelectric+generators+for+waste+energy+recovery&rft.volume=196&rft.artnum=117291&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.issn=1359-4311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2021.117291&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021AppTE.19617291F&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Romero%2C+V.&rft.au=Armas%2C+O.&rft.au=Cerretti%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.applthermaleng.2021.117291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert L. Norton, <i>Machine Design,</i> (4th Edition), Prentice-Hall, 2010</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Satir2008-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satir2008_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFSatirSøren_T._Christensen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Satir, Peter; Søren T. Christensen (2008-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386530">"Structure and function of mammalian cilia"</a>. <i>Histochemistry and Cell Biology</i>. <b>129</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">687–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-008-0416-9">10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386530">2386530</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18365235">18365235</a>. 1432-119X.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histochemistry+and+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+mammalian+cilia&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=687-93&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2386530%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18365235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00418-008-0416-9&rft.aulast=Satir&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=S%C3%B8ren+T.+Christensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2386530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFKinbaraAida2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kinbara, Kazushi; Aida, Takuzo (2005-04-01). "Toward Intelligent Molecular Machines: Directed Motions of Biological and Artificial Molecules and Assemblies". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>105</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1377–</span>1400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ChRv..105.1377K">2005ChRv..105.1377K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr030071r">10.1021/cr030071r</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2665">0009-2665</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15826015">15826015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Toward+Intelligent+Molecular+Machines%3A+Directed+Motions+of+Biological+and+Artificial+Molecules+and+Assemblies&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1377-1400&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr030071r&rft.issn=0009-2665&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15826015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ChRv..105.1377K&rft.aulast=Kinbara&rft.aufirst=Kazushi&rft.au=Aida%2C+Takuzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid21570668-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21570668_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFBuCallaway2011" class="citation book cs1">Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011). "Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling". <i>Protein Structure and Diseases</i>. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Vol. 83. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7">10.1016/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123812629" title="Special:BookSources/9780123812629"><bdi>9780123812629</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21570668">21570668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proteins+MOVE%21+Protein+dynamics+and+long-range+allostery+in+cell+signaling&rft.btitle=Protein+Structure+and+Diseases&rft.series=Advances+in+Protein+Chemistry+and+Structural+Biology&rft.pages=163-221&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21570668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7&rft.isbn=9780123812629&rft.aulast=Bu&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Callaway%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/3/713.abstract">Marras, A., Zhou, L., Su, H., and Castro, C.E. Programmable motion of DNA origami mechanisms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804052839/http://www.pnas.org/content/112/3/713.abstract">Archived</a> 2017-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mechanicaldesign101.com/2014/10/21/haijun-su-draft-article/">McCarthy, C, DNA Origami Mechanisms and Machines | Mechanical Design 101, 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021917/http://mechanicaldesign101.com/2014/10/21/haijun-su-draft-article/">Archived</a> 2017-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome (1934) gives the industry classification of machine tools as being "other than hand power". Beginning with the 1900 U.S. census, power use was part of the definition of a factory, distinguishing it from a workshop.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US40891">"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, <i>Toy Automaton</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Google Patents</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+and+Trademark+Office%2C+Patent%23+40891%2C+Toy+Automaton&rft.pub=Google+Patents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS40891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. P. Usher, 1929, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&q=history+of+mechanical+inventions"><i>A History of Mechanical Inventions</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602124007/http://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+mechanical+inventions&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n5r4Tov7HaqPsQLugvWuAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2013-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Harvard University Press (reprinted by Dover Publications 1968).</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Paul, Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1979</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. W. Tsai, Robot Analysis: The mechanics of serial and parallel manipulators, John-Wiley, NY, 1999.</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol></div></div>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
|
||
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFObergFranklin_D._JonesHolbrook_L._HortonHenry_H._Ryffel2000" class="citation book cs1">Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Machinery%27s_Handbook" title="Machinery's Handbook"><i>Machinery's Handbook</i></a> (26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-2635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-2635-3"><bdi>978-0-8311-2635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8311-2635-3&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Franklin+D.+Jones&rft.au=Holbrook+L.+Horton&rft.au=Henry+H.+Ryffel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
|
||
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFReuleaux1876" class="citation book cs1">Reuleaux, Franz (1876). <i>The Kinematics of Machinery</i>. Trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy. New York: reprinted by Dover (1963).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kinematics+of+Machinery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=reprinted+by+Dover+%281963%29&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Reuleaux&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
|
||
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFUickerG._R._PennockJ._E._Shigley2003" class="citation book cs1">Uicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003). <i>Theory of Machines and Mechanisms</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Machines+and+Mechanisms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Uicker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=G.+R.+Pennock&rft.au=J.+E.+Shigley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
|
||
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFObergFranklin_D._JonesHolbrook_L._HortonHenry_H._Ryffel2000" class="citation book cs1">Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain (eds.). <i>Machinery's Handbook</i> (30th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780831130992" title="Special:BookSources/9780831130992"><bdi>9780831130992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=30th&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780831130992&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Franklin+D.+Jones&rft.au=Holbrook+L.+Horton&rft.au=Henry+H.+Ryffel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMachine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
|
||
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1316373843">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><span class="noviewer sister-inline-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Machines">Machines</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
|
||
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316373843" /><span class="noviewer sister-inline-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Machine" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Machine">Machine</a> at Wikiquote</li>
|
||
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/model.php?m=reuleaux">Reuleaux Collection of Mechanisms and Machines</a> – Cornell University</li></ul>
|
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Revolution">Industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">technological</a> revolution</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto</a></b></span></li>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">First</a></b></span></li>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></b></span></li>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Third</a></b></span></li>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth</a></b></span></li>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution#Potential_future_technological_revolutions" title="Technological revolution">Potential future</a></b></span></li></ul>
|
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></span></li>
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||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></span></li>
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||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">Industry/Manufacturing</a></span></li>
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||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machinery</a></span></li>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></span></li>
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||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam power</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Water power</a></span></li>
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||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">Workforce</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economies_of_agglomeration" title="Economies of agglomeration">Economies of agglomeration</a></span></li>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economies_of_density" title="Economies of density">Economies of density</a></span></li>
|
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<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">Economies of scale</a></span></li></ul>
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</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/120px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/250px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People/<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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||
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boulsover" title="Thomas Boulsover">Thomas Boulsover</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Brindley" title="James Brindley">James Brindley</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cartwright" title="Edmund Cartwright">Edmund Cartwright</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cort_(Template)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cort (Template)">Henry Cort</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cranege_brothers" title="Cranege brothers">Thomas and George Cranege</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby I</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_II" title="Abraham Darby II">Abraham Darby II</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_III" title="Abraham Darby III">Abraham Darby III</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Egerton,_3rd_Duke_of_Bridgewater" title="Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater">Francis Egerton</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">William Fairbairn</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gillott" title="Joseph Gillott">Joseph Gillott</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawks_family" title="Hawks family">Hawks family</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Highs" title="Thomas Highs">Thomas Highs</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson" title="Eaton Hodgkinson">Eaton Hodgkinson</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Huntsman" title="Benjamin Huntsman">Benjamin Huntsman</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay (flying shuttle)</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(spinning_frame)" title="John Kay (spinning frame)">John Kay (spinning frame)</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cabot_Lowell_(businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman)">Francis Lowell</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Society">Lunar Society</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Mason" title="Josiah Mason">Josiah Mason</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Paul" title="Lewis Paul">Lewis Paul</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Radcliffe" title="William Radcliffe">William Radcliffe</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts_(engineer)" title="Richard Roberts (engineer)">Richard Roberts</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Slater" title="Samuel Slater">Samuel Slater</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wyatt_(inventor)" title="John Wyatt (inventor)">John Wyatt</a></span></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abbeydale_Industrial_Hamlet" title="Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet">Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Broseley" title="Broseley">Broseley</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cromford" title="Cromford">Cromford</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge" title="Ironbridge">Ironbridge</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Mills" title="Portsmouth Block Mills">Portsmouth Block Mills</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank_Mill" title="Quarry Bank Mill">Quarry Bank Mill</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soho_Foundry" title="Soho Foundry">Soho Foundry</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a></span></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invention/<br />technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">Cotton mill</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">Factory</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">Flying shuttle</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_steam_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcomen steam engine">Newcomen steam engine</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Railway</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory furnace</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield plate">Sheffield plate</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">Spinning frame</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">Spinning jenny</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Stephenson's Rocket</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a></span></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pen_trade" title="Birmingham pen trade">Birmingham pen trade</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">Cottage industry</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial unrest">Industrial unrest</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></span></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">History of the British canal system</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial archaeology</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United Kingdom-related topics">List of United Kingdom-related topics</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology" title="Timeline of materials technology">Timeline of materials technology</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_steam_power" title="Timeline of steam power">Timeline of steam power</a></span></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
|
||
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_Revolution" title="Category:Industrial Revolution">Category</a></span></li>
|
||
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_revolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Industrial revolution">Commons</a></span></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314944253" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Machines1479" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machines" title="Template:Machines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machines" title="Template talk:Machines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Machines1479" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Classical simple machines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">Inclined plane</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">Lever</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">Pulley</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Screw_(simple_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw (simple machine)">Screw</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">Wedge</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">Wheel and axle</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Chronometer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">Pendulum clock</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">Quartz clock</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Compressors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">Eductor-jet pump</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_ram" title="Hydraulic ram">Hydraulic ram</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Trompe" title="Trompe">Trompe</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">Vacuum pump</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External combustion engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engine</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">Rotary engine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Nutating_disc_engine" title="Nutating disc engine">Nutating disc engine</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">Linkages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Peaucellier%E2%80%93Lipkin_linkage" title="Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage">Peaucellier-Lipkin</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Water turbine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind generator">Wind generator</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">Aerofoil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">Wing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">Flap</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (aircraft)">Propeller</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">Vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobile</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robot</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">Wind tunnel</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weighing machines</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Riveting_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Riveting machines">Riveting machines</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring (device)</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314944253" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Technology_and_related_concepts14001" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Technology_topics" title="Template:Technology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Technology_topics" title="Template talk:Technology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Technology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Technology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technology_and_related_concepts14001" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> and related concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_technologies9215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major technologies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necessities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">Food storage</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> / <a href="/wiki/Equipment" title="Equipment">Equipment</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">Blade</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">Plough</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wedge" title="Wedge">Wedge</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">Calculation</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">Abacus</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Lock_and_key" title="Lock and key">Lock and key</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coin</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Game</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewriter</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueduct</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">Scaffolding</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">Caisson</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">Aircraft</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback riding">Horseback riding</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">Railroad</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space station</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Watercraft</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">Lost-wax casting</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">Assembly line</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Simple machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">Bearing</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">Ball bearing</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">Belt</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain" title="Chain">Chain</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">Lever</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">Crane</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">Shadoof</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">Linkage</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">Cam</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">Four-bar linkage</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">Pendulum</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">Screw</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">Propeller</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">Block and tackle</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">Gear</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">Potter's wheel</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">Pulley</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">Wing</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">Machinery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Appliance</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">Internal combustion</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">Waterwheel</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulics</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">Cylinder</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_manifold" title="Hydraulic manifold">Manifold</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanism</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">Gimbal</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscope</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">MEMS</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">Pneumatics</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Jackhammer" title="Jackhammer">Jackhammer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Rivet_gun" title="Rivet gun">Rivet gun</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">Vacuum pump</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">Arm</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Leg_mechanism" title="Leg mechanism">Leg</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of fire">Fire</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal_burner" title="Charcoal burner">Charcoal</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">Oil drilling</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">Fracking</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">Material</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramic</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Chipped_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipped stone">Chipped stone</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Aluminum</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Ironworking" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironworking">Ironworking</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">Rammed earth</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanization</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textile</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">Spinning wheel</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">Blood transfusion</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR gene editing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthesis</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">Detergent</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">Soap</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dye</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosive</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">Dynamite</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Laboratory glassware</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">Spectrometer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Synthesis</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">Display device</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnet</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">Lens</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyeglasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglasses">Eyeglasses</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">Optical instrument</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescope</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerator</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Motion picture</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">Telegraph</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Circuit</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Generator</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">Circuit board</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">Superconductor</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Router</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">Client–server model</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">Graphics software</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processor</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Perspectives2212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perspectives</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_technology" title="Low technology">Low technology</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy & politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_technology" title="Persuasive technology">Persuasive technology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Progressivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Social construction of technology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_concepts947" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">Applied science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology lifecycle">Technology lifecycle</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">
|
||
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Technology" title="Category:Technology"><b>Category</b></a></li>
|
||
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology"><b>Outline</b></a></li>
|
||
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology"><b>Portal</b></a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
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